Ovarian Cancer Awareness: Empowering Women with Knowledge

Recent Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research and Treatment

What constitutes ovarian cancer?

Cancer is an ailment wherein irregular cells within the body undergo uncontrolled growth, leading to the development of a tumour. Ovarian cancer, specifically, refers to the presence of a malignant tumour originating in the tissues of one or both ovaries. The ovaries are a vital part of the female reproductive system, responsible for producing eggs and female hormones.

Preventing Ovarian Cancer

What are the types of ovarian cancer?

A gynecologic oncologist categorises ovarian cancer into several types based on the specific cells from which it originates. The main types of ovarian cancer include

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer:

• This cancer is the most common type, accounting for about 90% of ovarian cancer cases. Ovarian cancer starts in the cells. It envelops the outer surface of the ovary. Experts divide it into three subtypes: a serous endometrioid, a cell, and a mucinous cell.

Germ Cell Ovarian Cancer:

• This type starts in the cells that produce eggs. Germ cell tumours are relatively rare but tend to occur in younger women and have a better prognosis correlated with epithelial ovarian cancer.

Stromal Ovarian Cancer:

• This cancer type arises from the cells that produce female hormones (oestrogen and progesterone). Stromal tumours are also less common but generally have a favourable prognosis.

Small Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary:

• Small-cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive version of ovarian cancer that affects young women.

Experts can determine the specific type of ovarian cancer, as the treatment approach and prognosis can vary depending on the type and cancer stage. Gynecologic oncologists use various diagnostic tests and pathology analyses to identify the type of ovarian cancer.

 

What leads to ovarian cancer?

• Ovarian cancer occurs when there are alterations (mutations) in the genetic material (DNA).
• The precise reasons behind these genetic changes are often unclear.
• Many cases of ovarian cancer result from genetic changes that accumulate during a person's life.
• However, in some instances, these genetic alterations are inherited, meaning they are present from birth.
• When inherited genetic changes cause ovarian cancer, it is known as hereditary ovarian cancer.
• Specific genetic changes, like BRCA1 and BRCA2, can increase the risk of ovarian cancer and are often linked to a higher incidence of breast and other cancers.
• Aside from genetics, lifestyle choices and environmental factors can also impact a person's likelihood of developing ovarian cancer.

 

Which individuals are at a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer?

Those at a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer are individuals who:

• Have a family history of ovarian cancer among close relatives, like your mother, daughter, or sister.
• Changes in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are inherited.
• Possess specific other genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome.
• Suffer from endometriosis.
• Have undergone hormone replacement therapy.
• Are overweight 
• Have a tall stature.
• Seniors, particularly those who have already gone through menopause,

 

What are the indications of ovarian cancer?

In the early stages, ovarian cancer may not display noticeable signs or symptoms. Generally, when symptoms become apparent, the cancer has already advanced considerably.

Potential signs and symptoms may involve:

• Abdominal or pelvic pain, swelling, or pressure sensation
• Frequent or sudden urge to urinate
• Difficulty eating or feeling satiated quickly
• A lump in the pelvic region
• Gastrointestinal issues like gas, bloating, or constipation

 

What is the process for diagnosing ovarian cancer?

The diagnosis of ovarian cancer typically involves the following steps:

• Medical history assessment: Your gynecologic oncologist will inquire about your medical history, including any symptoms you might be experiencing.
• Family health history inquiry: Your provider will also ask about your family's health history, especially any instances of ovarian cancer among relatives.
• Physical examination: Experts perform a pelvic exam to assess any abnormal findings in the pelvic area.
• Imaging tests: Imaging tests, like ultrasound or CT scans, may be conducted to watch the ovaries and surrounding structures.
• Blood tests: Doctors perform A CA-125 blood test to measure a specific protein associated with ovarian cancer.
• Biopsy: In many cases, the only definitive way to confirm ovarian cancer is through a biopsy. This biopsy involves obtaining a tissue sample during a surgical procedure to remove the tumour.

The mix of these diagnostic approaches helps healthcare professionals determine the presence and extent of ovarian cancer. 

A Happy Patient after Genetic Testing for Ovarian Cancer

What are the treatments for ovarian cancer?

The treatments for ovarian cancer include:

• Surgery: Oncologists often recommend surgery as the primary treatment for ovarian cancer. It involves removing the tumour and, in some cases, the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus (total hysterectomy). If necessary, the surgeon may remove lymph nodes and surrounding tissues.
• Chemotherapy: Gynecologic oncologists use chemotherapy drugs to kill or inhibit the growth of cancer cells. It can be administered before surgery to shrink the tumour (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) or eradicate any remaining cancer cells (adjuvant chemotherapy). Additionally, it may serve as the prime treatment for advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer.
• Targeted Therapy:  Gynecologic oncologists may use specific targeted therapy drugs to focus on particular molecules or pathways in cancer growth. Experts can combine Targeted Therapy with chemotherapy for certain types of ovarian cancer.
• Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy employs the body's immune system to identify and attack cancer cells. It is a more recent approach, and doctors use it in specific cases of ovarian cancer.
• Hormone Therapy: Surgeons may employ Hormone therapy for rare types of ovarian cancer that are hormone-sensitive.
• Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy employs high-energy beams to target and eliminate cancer cells. While not commonly used for ovarian cancer, in certain situations. 

The oncologist will determine the treatment plan based on the cancer stage, type, extent of the disease, the patient's overall health, and their preferences. Surgeons may use a combo of treatments to achieve the best results. Patients must discuss all potential side effects and benefits of each treatment option with their healthcare experts before treatment for their ovarian cancer.

 

Surgery is the primary treatment for ovarian cancer, involving the removal of the tumour and potentially affected organs. It typically includes:

• Tumour Removal: Surgeons aim to remove the cancerous growth from the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding tissues.
• Hysterectomy: In some cases, Experts may remove the uterus along with the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
• Lymph Node Removal: If the cancer has spread, surgeons may remove nearby lymph nodes to prevent further spread.

The extent of surgery depends on the cancer stage and the patient's situation.

 

What are the recent updates in the treatment of ovarian cancer?

• Immunotherapy Advancements: Researchers were exploring new immunotherapeutic approaches, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapy, to enhance the immune system's ability to target and fight ovarian cancer cells.
• PARP Inhibitors: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have shown promising results in treating certain types of ovarian cancer, especially those associated with BRCA gene mutations.
• Targeted Therapies: Scientists aim to identify specific molecular targets in ovarian cancer cells to develop more effective and less toxic targeted therapies.
• Minimally Invasive Surgery: Surgeons were exploring advancements in minimally invasive surgical techniques to reduce recovery times and improve patient outcomes.
• Combination Therapies: Researchers were investigating the potential benefits of combining different treatment modalities, such as chemotherapy with targeted therapies or immunotherapies, to achieve better results in ovarian cancer treatment.

Please note that the field of cancer research is continually evolving, and discoveries and updates may have emerged since my last knowledge update. For the most current and reliable information on recent updates in the treatment of ovarian cancer, we recommend consulting reputable medical journals, clinical trial databases, and the latest guidelines from cancer treatment centres.

 

How do gynecologic oncologists prevent Ovarian Cancer?

While it is not always possible to prevent ovarian cancer entirely, specific lifestyle choices and risk-reduction strategies may help reduce the risk of developing the disease. Here are some preventive measures and considerations to be aware of:

• Regular Health Checkups: Attend regular medical checkups and screenings, especially if you have a family history of ovarian cancer or other risk factors. Early detection can improve treatment outcomes.
• Family Health History: Be aware of your family's health history, particularly any cases of ovarian cancer among close relatives. Inform your healthcare provider about any family history of ovarian or breast cancer, which may indicate an increased risk.
• Oral Contraceptives: Some studies suggest that using oral contraceptives (birth control pills) for an extended period may reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, particularly among women who take them for five or more years.
• Childbirth and Breastfeeding: Women who have given birth and breastfed may have a lower risk of ovarian cancer.
• Tubal Ligation and Hysterectomy: Surgeons may use Certain surgical procedures, like tubal ligation (having the fallopian tubes tied) or hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), which may lower the risk of ovarian cancer, especially if they remove the ovaries during the surgery.
• Lifestyle Choices: Adopt a healthy lifestyle by maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, engaging in regular physical activity, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
• Genetic Testing and Counselling: If you have a family history of ovarian cancer or carry specific genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), consider genetic testing and counselling to understand your risk better and explore risk-reduction options.

It is essential to remember that while these measures may reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, they cannot guarantee prevention. Consulting with a healthcare provider is crucial for understanding individual risk factors and making informed decisions about prevention and early detection strategies.